EXAMPLE 2.3.8 SOLUTION
Recall that a universal statement such as "All men are mortal" can be written equivalently as an "if...then" statement:
"If one is a man, then one is mortal," or, even more generally,

"If (subject) is a man, then (subject) is mortal."

 

We symbolize the statements.

Let p be "(Subject) is a man."
Let q be "(Subject) is mortal."

Then, letting "Socrates" be the subject of these statements, the argument has this form:



If we employ the truth table technique to analyze this argument, we will see that it is VALID.

 



Notice that the truth table shows NO ROW where the conclusion column is false while both premise columns are true.